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Experimental research on ductile fracture criterion in metal forming

Song YU, Weiming FENG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第3期页码 308-311 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0233-z

摘要：

Ductile fracture criterion is key limitation parameter in material forming. Accuracy predicting surface and internal failure in plastic deformation process affects on the technology design of workpiece and die greatly. Tension, compression, torsion and shearing test on 45# steel are utilized for providing the experimental values of the critical values at fracture, and 11 widely used ductile fracture criterion are selected to simulate the physical experiments and their relative accuracy for predicting and quantifying fracture initiation sites are investigated. The comparing results show that metal forming process under high triaxiality can be estimated successively using both Normalized Cockcroft-latham and the Brozzo ductile fracture criteria, but the Ayada and general Rice-Tracey model work very well for the low triaxiality cases.

关键词： ductile fracture criteria metal forming process material experiment stress triaxiality

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硗碛水电站大坝碎石土防渗料工程特性及土料设计

王寿根

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第7期页码 88-93

摘要：

硗碛水电站大坝高123 m，采用宽级配碎石土作为高土石坝心墙防渗料。对全料场进行了大量的室内工程特性试验研究以论证使用该材料的可行性，提出了设计及施工控制标准；选用代表性土料通过现场碾压试验验证该控制标准的合理性；对坝体、坝基进行了整体三维应力应变和渗流计算，分析了各种材料控制标准的合理性和共同作用下大坝的安全性；详实论述了防渗料工程特性研究方法、过程、成果，提出了心墙防渗料设计及施工控制标准。

关键词：硗碛水电站宽级配碎石土防渗料工程特性碾压试验土料设计

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Design and experiment of a novel pneumatic soft arm based on a deployable origami exoskeleton

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0770-2

摘要： Soft arms have shown great application potential because of their flexibility and compliance in unstructured environments. However, soft arms made from soft materials exhibit limited cargo-loading capacity, which restricts their ability to manipulate objects. In this research, a novel soft arm was developed by coupling a rigid origami exoskeleton with soft airbags. The joint module of the soft arm was composed of a deployable origami exoskeleton and three soft airbags. The motion and load performance of the soft arm of the eight-joint module was tested. The developed soft arm withstood at least 5 kg of load during extension, contraction, and bending motions; exhibited bistable characteristics in both fully contracted and fully extended states; and achieved a bending angle of more than 240° and a contraction ratio of more than 300%. In addition, the high extension, contraction, bending, and torsional stiffnesses of the soft arm were experimentally demonstrated. A kinematic-based trajectory planning of the soft arm was performed to evaluate its error in repetitive motion. This work will provide new design ideas and methods for flexible manipulation applications of soft arms.

关键词： pneumatic soft arm soft airbag deployable origami exoskeleton bistable characteristics cargo-loading capacity

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开采煤层顶板环形裂隙圈内走向长钻孔法抽放瓦斯研究

刘泽功,袁亮,戴广龙,石必明,卢平,涂敏

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第5期页码 32-38

摘要：

开采煤层工作面的瓦斯主要来源于该煤层、采空区和邻近层的卸压解吸瓦斯。由于煤层松软，顺层钻孔施工难，不便钻孔抽放瓦斯。若对采空区实施大面积抽放，工程难度大，而且抽不出高浓度瓦斯。因此，寻找瓦斯运移的裂隙通道和瓦斯富集区，实施有效的瓦斯抽放工程是实现高效瓦斯抽放的技术关键。采用实验室相似材料试验、数值模拟计算和工业性试验研究方法，研究寻找采场上覆岩层中环形裂隙圈形成机理和位置，把抽放钻孔布置在环形裂隙圈内，进行“环形裂隙圈内走向长钻孔法”瓦斯抽放。这种瓦斯抽放技术使低透气性高瓦斯煤层的开采和瓦斯抽放分层区进行，在开采层工作面采煤，在顶板层裂隙区抽放卸压瓦斯，对流向工作面上隅角的瓦斯起到了截流作用，解决了松软低透气性高瓦斯煤层群开采瓦斯抽放困难的关键技术难题。该瓦斯抽放技术在淮南矿区高瓦斯工作面的应用结果表明，采煤工作面瓦斯抽放率达到60%以上，实现煤层群首采煤层安全、高效、集约化开采。

关键词：煤层顶板相似材料试验数值计算环形裂隙圈瓦斯抽放

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囊型宫内节育器避孕材料的细胞毒性研究

钟兴明,韦相才,朱国平,李艳秋,伍园园,李志才,郭建华,曾幸荣

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第6期页码 8-12

摘要：

目的：对囊型宫内节育器避孕材料的细胞毒性的潜在性作出评价。方法：采用研制的硅橡胶材料与高密度聚乙烯材料作为对照，根据GBT 16886.5―2003医疗器械生物学评价第5部分标准，设立空白对照组、阴性对照（高密度聚乙烯）浸提液组、阳性对照液（含6.3 %苯酚的RPMI1640完全培养液）组、100 %、50 %和25 %材料（硅橡胶）浸提液组共6个组；用RPMI 1640完全培养液培养L-929细胞，每组加入100 μL的空白对照液、阴性对照浸提液和25 %、50 % 、100 %的材料浸提液及阳性对照液，观察细胞形态和增值率。结果：空白对照组、阴性对照浸提液组、阳性对照组、100 %、50 %和25 %浓度材料浸提液组的细胞毒性级别分别为：0级、1级、4级、2级、2级、1级。100 %、50 %和 25 %材料浸提液组培养72 h后细胞增值率分别是（66.2 ± 4.3） %、（72.4 ± 6.1） %、（81.1 ± 4.2 ） %；阴性对照浸提液组、100 %、50 %、25 %材料浸提液组和阳性对照浸提液组OD（optical density）值与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；空白对照组、100 %、50 %材料浸提液和阳性对照液组OD值与阴性对照浸提液组差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；25 %材料浸提液OD值和与阴性对照浸提液组差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。结论：根据GBT 16886.5―2003医疗器械生物学评价第11部分标准，所测硅橡胶材料细胞毒性评价符合要求。

关键词：宫内节育器；硅橡胶材料；细胞毒性；动物实验；鼠

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Atmospheric heterogeneous reaction of chlorobenzene on mineral -FeO particulates: a chamber experiment

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第11期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1734-9

摘要：

● Photochemical conversion of chlorobenzene (CB) on α-Fe₂O₃ was evaluated.

关键词： Photochemical conversion Chlorobenzene α-Fe₂O₃ PCDD/Fs Mineral particulate

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Biaxial tensile-compressive experiment of concrete at high temperatures

SONG Yupu, ZHANG Zhong, QING Likun, YU Changjiang

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 94-98 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0009-z

摘要： Biaxial tension-compression experiments of concrete of five stress ratios at high temperatures were carried out using the large static-dynamic triaxial test system in the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. The stress ratios s1/s3 are 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. The temperatures are 20vH, 200vH, 300vH, 500vH, 600vH. The mechanical behavior of concrete under biaxial tension-compression at high temperatures is analyzed. It is found that both the tensile strength and strain diminished with the increase in temperature under each stress ratio. Based on the test results, the relationship between tensile strengths and stress ratios and temperature is proposed. In addition, the failure criterion of concrete under biaxial stress state of tension-compression at high temperatures is established.

关键词： increase Offshore Engineering temperature relationship addition

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Numerical simulation and experiment research of radiation performance in a dish solar collector system

Yong SHUAI, Xinlin XIA, Heping TAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 488-495 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0007-z

摘要： The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method is applied and coupled with optical properties to predict the radiation performance of solar concentrator/cavity receiver systems. Several different cavity geometries are compared on the radiation performance. A flux density distribution measurement system for dish parabolic concentrators is developed. The contours of the flux distribution for target placements at different distances from the dish vertex of a solar concentrator are taken by using an indirect method with a Lambert and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Further, the measured flux distributions are compared with a Monte Carlo-predicted distribution. The results can be a valuable reference for the design and assemblage of the solar collector system.

关键词： Monte Carlo method solar energy radiation performance cavity receiver

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Liquid metal material genome: Initiation of a new research track towards discovery of advanced energy

Lei WANG, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 317-332 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0271-9

摘要： As the basis of modern industry, the roles materials play are becoming increasingly vital in this day and age. With many superior physical properties over conventional fluids, the low melting point liquid metal material, especially room-temperature liquid metal, is recently found to be uniquely useful in a wide variety of emerging areas from energy, electronics to medical sciences. However, with the coming enormous utilization of such materials, serious issues also arise which urgently need to be addressed. A biggest concern to impede the large scale application of room-temperature liquid metal technologies is that there is currently a strong shortage of the materials and species available to meet the tough requirements such as cost, melting point, electrical and thermal conductivity, etc. Inspired by the Material Genome Initiative as issued in 2011 by the United States of America, a more specific and focused project initiative was proposed in this paper—the liquid metal material genome aimed to discover advanced new functional alloys with low melting point so as to fulfill various increasing needs. The basic schemes and road map for this new research program, which is expected to have a worldwide significance, were outlined. The theoretical strategies and experimental methods in the research and development of liquid metal material genome were introduced. Particularly, the calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) approach as a highly effective way for material design was discussed. Further, the first-principles (FP) calculation was suggested to combine with the statistical thermodynamics to calculate the thermodynamic functions so as to enrich the CALPHAD database of liquid metals. When the experimental data are too scarce to perform a regular treatment, the combination of FP calculation, cluster variation method (CVM) or molecular dynamics (MD), and CALPHAD, referred to as the mixed FP-CVM-CALPHAD method can be a promising way to solve the problem. Except for the theoretical strategies, several parallel processing experimental methods were also analyzed, which can help improve the efficiency of finding new liquid metal materials and reducing the cost. The liquid metal material genome proposal as initiated in this paper will accelerate the process of finding and utilization of new functional materials.

关键词： liquid metal material genome energy material material discovery advanced material room-temperature liquid alloy thermodynamics phase diagram

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Robust topology optimization of multi-material lattice structures under material and load uncertainties

Yu-Chin CHAN, Kohei SHINTANI, Wei CHEN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第14卷第2期页码 141-152 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0531-4

摘要： Enabled by advancements in multi-material additive manufacturing, lightweight lattice structures consisting of networks of periodic unit cells have gained popularity due to their extraordinary performance and wide array of functions. This work proposes a density-based robust topology optimization method for meso- or macro-scale multi-material lattice structures under any combination of material and load uncertainties. The method utilizes a new generalized material interpolation scheme for an arbitrary number of materials, and employs univariate dimension reduction and Gauss-type quadrature to quantify and propagate uncertainty. By formulating the objective function as a weighted sum of the mean and standard deviation of compliance, the tradeoff between optimality and robustness can be studied and controlled. Examples of a cantilever beam lattice structure under various material and load uncertainty cases exhibit the efficiency and flexibility of the approach. The accuracy of univariate dimension reduction is validated by comparing the results to the Monte Carlo approach.

关键词： robust topology optimization lattice structures multi-material material uncertainty load uncertainty univariate dimension reduction

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Centrifuge experiment and numerical analysis of an air-backed plate subjected to underwater shock loading

Zhijie HUANG, Xiaodan REN, Zuyu CHEN, Daosheng LING

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第6期页码 1350-1362 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0559-x

摘要： In this study, systematic centrifuge experiments and numerical studies are conducted to investigate the effect of shock loads due to an underwater explosion on the dynamic responses of an air-backed steel plate. Numerical simulations with three different models of pressure time history generated by underwater explosion were carried out. The first model of pressure time history was measured in test. The second model to predict the time history of shock wave pressure from an underwater explosion was created by Cole in 1948. Coefficients of Cole’s formulas are determined experimentally. The third model was developed by Zamyshlyaev and Yakovlev in 1973. All of them are implemented into the numerical model to calculate the shock responses of the plate. Simulated peak strains obtained from the three models are compared with the experimental results, yielding average relative differences of 21.39%, 45.73%, and 13.92%, respectively. The Russell error technique is used to quantitatively analyze the correlation between the numerical and experimental results. Quantitative analysis shows that the simulated strains for most measurement points on the steel plate are acceptable. By changing the scaled distances, different shock impulses were obtained and exerted on the steel plate. Systematic numerical studies are performed to investigate the effect of the accumulated shock impulse on the peak strains. The numerical and experimental results suggest that the peak strains are strongly dependent on the accumulated shock impulse.

关键词： underwater explosion centrifuge experiment shock load dynamic response accumulated shock impulse

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Parameter for judging reactivity of coal and coke

HE Hongzhou, LUO Zhongyang, CEN Kefa

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 354-358 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0052-z

摘要： To eliminate the judgment error of char reactivity arising from different carbon content of samples, a new parameter called specific maximum weight loss rate was introduced. It is defined as the quotient of the maximum weight loss rate in non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiment to the carbon content of the corresponding sample. The reactivity of different kinds of coal, the reactivity of the same coal type with different lithotype, and the reactivity of the char with different carbon conversion rates were checked by using the specific maximum weight loss rate, and the results were analyzed and compared with those obtained by using other criteria. The results show that the specific maximum weight loss rate can be used as a commonality parameter to evaluate and distinguish the reactivity of different coal and char. The heating rate selected in TGA experiment has no effect on the judgment.

关键词： thermogravimetric analysis specific maximum different lithotype experiment TGA experiment

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How did Archimedes discover the law of buoyancy by experiment?

Hidetaka KUROKI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第1期页码 26-32 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0368-z

摘要：

After Archimedes and Vitruvius era, for more than 2000 years, it has been believed that the displaced water measurement of golden crown is impossible, and at his Eureka moment, Archimedes discovered the law of buoyancy (Proposition 7 of his principles) and proved the theft of a goldsmith by weighing the golden crown in water.

A previous study showed that a small amount of displaced water was able to be measured with enough accuracy by the introduced method. Archimedes measured the weight of displaced water. He did not find the law of buoyancy but rather specific gravity of things at the moment.

After which, Archimedes continued to measure the specific gravity of various solids and fluids. Through these measurements, he reached the discovery of the law of buoyancy directly by experiment. In this paper, the process to the discovery of Archimedes’ principle (Proposition 5) is presented.

关键词： Archimedes’ principle buoyancy specific gravity Eureka Vitruvius displaced water balance floating body

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工程材料研究中科学问题的思考

于翘

《中国工程科学》 1999年第1卷第3期页码 1-4

摘要：

在不少场合下，航天用工程材料处在极端条件下工作，这就对材料提出许多特殊的要求，虽然国内外有一定的研究积累，但对更精确的模型和符合特定材料的损伤的状态方程，有待深一步研究。如高级弹头再入时气动加热和粒子云侵蚀以及两者耦合效应引起弹头防护材料增大后退量的问题；空中垃圾和微流星的高速碰撞对航天器的威胁；特别是核爆和激光武器对材料的损伤和破坏，实质上是辐射引起的热击波层裂破坏，这些都属于超高速碰撞对材料的响应问题。天线罩材料、吸波材料、红外隐身材料、电磁屏蔽材料都是具有不同波长电磁波的电磁功能材料，它们对固体介质的穿透、吸收、反射等会产生响应，不同的电磁功能材料，其宏观性能的物理参量不同，但有几个参量是通用的，如介电常数、磁导率和损耗角正切，搞清这些参量与材料微观结构的关系，可以为材料设计和材料创新提供科学依据。

关键词：天线罩材料吸波材料红外隐身材料电磁兼容材料

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北方旱区农田水肥效应分析

高亚军,李生秀

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第7期页码 74-79

摘要：

结合多年的田间试验研究，对前人诸多研究结果进行了总结和深入分析。结果表明：农田水肥效应大小与试验方法有关，田间试验与模拟试验得到的结论相反。主要原因在于研究中"水"的概念各不相同，从旱棚试验或盆栽试验的结果推断水肥效应与实际情况相距较大。多数情况下，养分亏缺仍是北方旱区作物增产的主要限制因子。灌水的效果取决于土壤底墒、生育期降水、土壤肥力及灌水时期等各种因素。在现有的水资源条件下，提高养分供应水平是北方旱区大部分农田作物增产的主要途径。加强夏闲期降水的蓄积、提高土壤底墒是冬麦区作物高产的重要条件。

关键词：水肥效应北方旱区田间试验模拟试验